Among them, the taxon Polyptychodon is of special importance. Bryce, J. Jun. Geology Today. Sussex, England. Why did elasmosaurids have such a long neck? A review of the classification of the Plesiosauria with a synopsis of the stratigrarphical and geographical distribution of the group. 1994. However, due to a lack of … nov., from Vega Island, James Ross Archipelago, Antarctica, is described. Page 168. 1-25. Palaeontologist Mary Anning found some of the first known fossils of ancient animals such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and pterosaurs, before the term “dinosaur” had been invented. Elasmosaurid plesiosaurs with a description of the new material from California and Colorado. This site opened in June 2001 and was last updated in January 2021. Historically, there has … High quality Plesiosauria inspired Pillows & Cushions by independent artists and designers from around the world. The type and only known specimen of Elasmosaurus platyurus (ANSP 10081) includes the tip of the snout, occipital condyle, and the majority of the vertebral column. One of the finest specimens was found in 2002 on the coast of Somerset (England) by someone fishing from the shore. 91–216, in Calloway J. M. and E. L. Nicholls, (eds. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, N.F. Update image . Humerus as large as femur, or larger. Welles, S. P. 1943. The greatest number of specimens and diversity of Cretaceous plesiosaurs come from North America ( Welles, 1943 , Bakker, 1993 , Carpenter, 1999 , O'Keefe and O'Keefe, 2004b , O'Keefe, 2008 , Sato, 2003 , Bardet et al., 2014 , Druckenmiller and … 1981 Plesiosaur limb bone from the Lower Lias Garron Early Jurassic Period. Elasmosaurus is one of the most widely recognised plesiosaur names and has become a stereotype for all elasmosaurids.However, it is relatively poorly known. [2] While they were Mesozoic diapsid reptiles that lived at the same time as dinosaurs, they did not belong to the latter. Plesiosauroids had a broad body and a short tail. Older definitions included many Jurassic long-necked forms (Bardet et al. This specimen, called the Collard specimen after its finder, was on display in Taunton Museum in 2007. Philosophical Magazine Series 2 9(53), 331–2. The preserved skeleton is displayed at Rotunda Museum in Scarborough. The Elasmosauridae is a group of very long-necked plesiosaurs. The first complete plesiosauroid skeletons were found in England by Mary Anning, in the early 19th century, and were amongst the first fossil vertebrates to be described by science. ), Everhart, M. J. It lends its name to the order Plesiosauria, of which it is an early, but fairly typical mem… Plesiosauroidea (/ˈpliːsiəsɔːr/; Greek: plēsios/πλησιος 'near' or 'close to' and sauros/σαυρος 'lizard') is an extinct clade of carnivorous marine reptiles. She found it on the … Age. The clade Plesiosauria developed two morphotypes (plesiosauromorph and pliosauromorph; O’Keefe, 2002). They have the snake-like longest neck to body ratio of any reptile. Functional anatomy of the head of the large aquatic predator Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus (Plesiosauria, Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of Yorkshire, England. Field Columbian Museum, Publication 73, Geology Series 2(1): 1-79, 29 pl. "Gastroliths associated with plesiosaur remains in the Sharon Springs Member (Late Cretaceous) of the Pierre Shale, Western Kansas" (. Size class: macrofossils. The predatory pliosaurs were among the largest creatures ever to inhabit the oceans, some reaching gigantic proportions greater than 15 m in length. Age. They could generate endothermic heat to survive in colder habitats.[5]. 11, 15 pp. One of the finest specimens was found in 2002 on the coast of Somerset (England) by someone fishing from the shore. (eds. Synonyms for Plesiosauria in Free Thesaurus. ), No. NHMUK R4828, skull and partial skeleton. 133–149 In Maddock, L., Bone, Q., and Rayner, J. M. V. . It is from the Sharon Springs Member (Lower … The great-grandfather of Charles Darwin, Robert Darwin of Elston told him about it. The name game: plesiosaur-ia, -oidea, -idae, or -us? After their discovery, they were somewhat fancifully said to have resembled "a snake threaded through the shell of a turtle". Pliosauridae is a globally distributed clade of aquatic predatory amniotes whose fossil record spans from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Plesiosaur Directory © 2021 Six years of new plesiosaur replicas (2012-2017), The Plesiosaur’s Neck book (coming soon! A new species of elasmosaur from the Aptian of Columbia and a review of the Cretaceous plesiosaurs. Welles, S. P. 1962. 1), by Max Hawthorne, Investigating plesiosaur swimming using computer simulations. They form a major component of Late Cretaceous plesiosaur assemblages. In 1811, in Lyme Regis, along what is now called the Jurassic Coast of Dorset, the first complete ichthyosaur skull was found by Joseph Anning, the brother of Mary Anning, who in 1812 while still a young girl, secured the torso of the same specimen.Their mother, Molly Anning, sold the combined piece to squire Henry Henley for £23. Lagenanectes is a genus of elasmosaurid plesiosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, found in Lower Saxony, Germany.The only species, Lagenanectes richterae, was first described in 2017, and is regarded as one of the best-preserved plesiosaur fossils from this geological age in Europe. ), Mechanics and Physiology of Animal Swimming, Cambridge University Press. 1994. Williston, S. W. 1903. Plesiosauroidea (/ ˈ p l iː s i ə s ɔːr /; Greek: plēsios/πλησιος 'near' or 'close to' and sauros/σαυρος 'lizard') is an extinct clade of carnivorous marine reptiles.They have the snake-like longest neck to body ratio of any reptile. Where the elasmosaurs roam: Separating fact from fiction, The Filey (Yorkshire) Plesiosaur 2002 (part 1), The Filey (Yorkshire) Plesiosaur 2002 (part 2), Antarctic Researchers to Discuss Difficult Recovery of Unique Juvenile Plesiosaur Fossil, Fossil hunters turn up 50-ton monster of prehistoric deep, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plesiosauroidea&oldid=1000612868, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Note that some classifications have placed Rhomaleosauridae outside of Pliosauroidea (=pliosaurs), but I have used a traditional approach and nested Rhomaleosauridae within Pliosauroidea. Many have been found, some of them virtually complete, and new discoveries are made frequently. From this nested classification for Plesiosauria you can navigate to specific plesiosaur clades (groups). In part, this is a consequence of a few key taxa awaiting detailed reassessment. Sea Monsters: Prehistoric Creatures of the Deep. Plesiosauria, Classification and Osteology of Reptilia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 335: 247 – 280. [6] The first plesiosaur skeletons were found in England by Mary Anning, in the early 1800s, and were amongst the first fossil vertebrates to be described by science. Unlike their pliosauroid cousins, plesiosauroids (with the exception of the Polycotylidae) were probably slow swimmers. 1831 Notice of the discovery of the Plesiosaurus in Europe as a whole, and confirms the presence of both Ireland. A juvenile plesiosaur (Plesiosauria: Reptilia) from the Lower Lias (Hettangian: Lower Jurassic) of Lyme Regis, England: a pliosauroid-plesiosauroid intermediate?. pp. Contrary to many reconstructions of plesiosauroids, it would have been impossible for them to lift their head and long neck above the surface, in the "swan-like" pose that is often shown {Everhart, 2005}. … 1-37., pls. Leptocleidus Andrews, 1922 is a poorly known plesiosaur genus from Lower Cretaceous successions of the UK, South Africa, and Australia. .mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}. Plesiosaurus (Greek: πλησιος/plesios, near to + σαυρος/sauros, lizard) was a large marine sauropterygian reptile that lived during the early part of the Jurassic Period, and is known by nearly complete skeletons from the Lias of England, Russia and Germany. Everhart, M. J. Plesiosauroids evolved from earlier, similar forms such as pistosaurs. The plesiosaurs were an order of large, carnivorous marine reptiles.They flourished from 245 million years ago (mya) to 65 mya.. The oldest confirmed plesiosauroid is Plesiosaurus itself, as all younger taxa were recently found to be pliosauroids. Type specimen. Pp. The skeletons in the site header are (from left to right): Kronosaurus (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge), Thalassomedon (American Museum of Natural History, New York), Cryptoclidus (Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery, Glasgow), Rhomaleosaurus (Natural History Museum, London), Dolichorhynchops (Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, Washington) and Thalassiodracon (Natural History Museum, London). Classification. Note that some classifications have placed Rhomaleosauridae outside of Pliosauroidea (=pliosaurs), but I have used a traditional approach and nested Rhomaleosauridae within Pliosauroidea. Another, less complete, skeleton was also found in 2002, in the cliffs at Filey, Yorkshire, England, by an amateur palaeontologist. The adult plesiosaur measures 4 m long and the juvenile is 1.5 m long. Plesiosaurs (Plesiosauria: Sauropterygia) were a highly successful radiation of Mesozoic aquatic reptiles with a record extending from the latest Triassic (Rhaetian; Storrs, 1994) through to the terminal Cretaceous (Maastrichtian; Brown, 1981; Bakker, 1993).Their fossils are typically found in marine deposits; however, rare remains also occur in … To compile Classification. According to traditional classifications, all plesiosauroids have a small head and long neck but, in recent classifications, one short-necked and large-headed Cretaceous group, the Polycotylidae, are included under the Plesiosauroidea, rather than under the traditional Pliosauroidea. This specimen, called th… Sauropterygia Eosauropterygia Eusauropterygia Pistosauroidea Pistosauria Plesiosauria Plesiosauroidea Elasmosauridae Aristonectinae. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "A Snake Drawn Through the Shell of a Turtle", "A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids", "Warm-blooded marine reptiles at the time of the dinosaurs", "Viviparity and K-Selected Life History in a Mesozoic Marine Plesiosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)", 10.1660/0022-8443(2001)104[0129:aewsca]2.0.co;2, 10.1660/0022-8443(2005)108[0109:ppgftb]2.0.co;2, 10.1660/0022-8443(2007)110[135:uoaptr]2.0.co;2, "Early papers on North American plesiosaurs", Fox News: Possibly Complete Plesiosaur Skeleton Found in Arctic. In 1719, William Stukeley described the first partial skeleton of a plesiosaur. 1999; Cruickshank et al. ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs in this region during the James, K.W. (2001). The English Upper Jurassic Plesiosauroidea (Reptilia) and a review of the phylogeny and classification of the Plesiosauria. Plesiosaurians (= plesiosaurs) are derived sauropterygians. They retained their ancestral two pairs of limbs, which evolved into large flippers. Welles, S. P. 1952. It has been determined by teeth records that several sea-dwelling reptiles, including plesiosauroids, had a warm-blooded metabolism similar to that of mammals. A new elasmosaurid, Vegasaurus molyi, gen. et sp. Type location. [4] Many others have been found, some of them virtually complete, and new discoveries are made frequently. Plesiosaurus (Greek: πλησίος (plesios), near to + σαῦρος (sauros), lizard) is a genus of extinct, large marine sauropterygian reptile that lived during the early part of the Jurassic Period, and is known by nearly complete skeletons from the Lias of England. Plesiosauroid remains were found by the Scottish geologist Hugh Miller in 1844 in the rocks of the Great Estuarine Group (then known as 'Series') of western Scotland. University of California Memoirs 13:125-254. figs. North American plesiosaurs. Owen (1860) originally proposed the term Sauropterygia to encompass plesiosaurs and ‘nothosaurs’ (the concept of nothosaurs was much broader at … [8] Even if they had been able to bend their necks upward to that degree (which they could not), gravity would have tipped their body forward and kept most of the heavy neck in the water. A revision of the classification of the Plesiosauria 7 Triassic and Lower Jurassic forms dicranopleurous, younger forms cercidopleurous. An examination of Plesiosauria (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Niobrara Chalk (Upper Cretaceous) of central North America, University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, (N.S. 12-29. Reposited in the BMNH • Also in OUMNH collection. Sauropterygia Eosauropterygia Eusauropterygia Pistosauroidea Pistosauria Plesiosauria Plesiosauroidea Leptocleididae Leptocleidus. National Geographic, 192 p. Massare, J. Type location. Carpenter, K. 1997. Referred material. Plesiosauroidea. A review of the North American Cretaceous elasmosaurs. Choose a file × From this nested classification for Plesiosauria you can navigate to specific plesiosaur clades (groups). Boundary between Upper and Lower Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. Gastroliths are frequently found associated with plesiosaurs.[3]. What are synonyms for Plesiosauria? Lagenanectes is one of the earliest elasmosaurids.The holotype is an incomplete skeleton, … Avd.2 , 59 ( 1 ): 1 – 59 Riggs , E. S. 1944 . [10], CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2021 (. Size of different plesiosaurs varied significantly, with an estimated length of Trinacromerum being three meters and Mauisaurus growing to twenty meters. †Carsosaurus †Haasiasaurus †Komensaurus 2005. 24, (2), 71-75. This page was last edited on 27 September 2017, at 22:14 (UTC). Plesiosauroidea appeared at the Early Jurassic Period (late Sinemurian stage) and thrived until the K-Pg extinction, at the end of the Cretaceous Period. Mary Anning was the first to discover a fairly complete plesiosaur. University of California Publications in Geological Science 46, 96 pp. Primary reference: A. R. I. Cruickshank. Vegasaurus molyi is the only Antarctic elasmosaurid and one of only a few Late … After their discovery, some plesiosauroids were said to have resembled "a snake threaded through the shell of a turtle",[1] although they had no shell. Plesiosauria. Barremian, Lower Cretaceous. This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 22:03. ), Book review: Kronos Rising: Kraken (vol. 2005. "Where the Elasmosaurs roamed", Chapter 7 in, Everhart, M. J. Their four-flippered swimming adaptation may have given them exceptional maneuverability, so that they could swiftly rotate their bodies as an aid to catching prey. Adam S. Smith. The common name 'plesiosaur' is applied both to the 'true' plesiosaurs (Suborder Plesiosauroidea) … Before this study, plesiosauroids had sometimes been portrayed crawling out of water to lay eggs in the manner of sea turtles, but experts had long suspected that their anatomy was not compatible with movement on land. Smith, A. S. 2008. [9] The plesiosauroid, Polycotylus latippinus, has confirmed that these predatory marine reptiles gave birth to single, large, live offspring - contrary to other marine reptile reproduction which typically involves a large number of small babies. Storrs, G. W., 1999. Epipodial bones longer than broad (Triassic and Lower Jurassic forms), or broader than long (most of the younger forms). Fossils explained 54: plesiosaurs. Fossils of this subclade of plesiosaurs are known from sediments all over the world, ranging in age from the Hettangian (approximately 198 Myr) to the Turonian (approximately 92 Myr). It is distinguishable by its small head, long and slender neck, broad turtle-like body, a short tail, and two pairs of large, elongated paddles. A. 1 synonym for Plesiosauria: suborder Plesiosauria. Plesiosaurs ( IPA /ˈplisɪəˌsɔɹ/) ( Greek: plesios meaning 'near' or 'close to' and sauros meaning 'lizard') were carnivorous aquatic (mostly marine) reptiles. 2007. This nested Sauropterygia classification shows the position of Plesiosauria relative to other major sauropterygian clades. The holotype and only specimen of this species (MLP 93-I-5-1) was collected from the lower Maastrichtian Cape Lamb Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation. Scientific classification; Kingdom: Animalia: Phylum: Chordata: Class: Reptilia: Order: Squamata: Clade: Pythonomorpha: Superfamily: † Mosasauroidea Gervais, 1853: Subgroups †Aigialosauridae †Mesoleptos †Vallecillosaurus †Mosasauridae Gervais, 1853 †Halisaurinae †Mosasaurinae †Russellosaurina? Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: a review. The lower two thirds of the DPF, as exposed in DPP, are estimated to have been deposited between 250 and 100 km west of the WIS shoreline (Eberth, 2005). Plesiosaurus (Greek: πλησιος/plesios, near to + σαυρος/sauros, lizard) is a genus of extinct, large marine sauropterygian reptile that lived during the early part of the Jurassic Period, and is known by nearly complete skeletons from the Lias of England. Henley lent the fossil to the London Museum … All orders are custom made and most ship worldwide within 24 hours. "Comparative cranial anatomy of two North American Cretaceous plesiosaurs". This site opened in June 2001 and was last updated in January 2021. However, the knowledge of pliosaurid interrelationships remains limited. Cryptoclidus), with a medium-long neck and somewhat stocky build; Elasmosauridae, with very long, flexible necks and tiny heads; and the Cimoliasauridae, a poorly known group of small Cretaceous forms. This kind of classification of reptiles, in which the two-arched forms were regarded as a single group distinct from those with no temporal fenestrae (Anapsida: primitive groups, turtles) and those with only a lower (Synapsida: mammal-like reptiles) or only an upper (‘Parapsida’: plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs) Plesiosauria is a stem-based taxon which was defined as "all taxa more closely related to Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus and Pliosaurus brachydeirus than to Augustasaurus hagdorni".Neoplesiosauria is a node-based taxon which was defined by Ketchum and Benson (2010) as "Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, Pliosaurus brachydeirus, their most recent common … Phylogeny. There are a number of families of plesiosauroids, which retain the same general appearance and are distinguished by various specific details. INTRODUCTION. [7] It is likely that they cruised slowly below the surface of the water, using their long flexible neck to move their head into position to snap up unwary fish or cephalopods. The definition of Elasmosauridae has changed in recent years as our understanding of plesiosaur evolution has improved. "Occurrence of Gastroliths in Mesozoic Taxa," in Sanders et al. Plesiosaurians (= plesiosaurs) are derived sauropterygians.This group also includes close relatives of the plesiosaurs: nothosaurs, pachypleurosaurs, and the pistosaurids and other non-plesiosaurian pistosaurians. The following cladogram follows an analysis by Benson & Druckenmiller (2014). On 12 August 2011, researchers from the U.S. described a fossil of a pregnant plesiosaur found on a Kansas ranch in 1987. These include the Plesiosauridae, unspecialized types which are limited to the Early Jurassic period; Cryptoclididae, (e.g. Antonyms for Plesiosauria. Pubes and ischia short. University of California Publications in Geological Science 29:46-144, figs. Palaeochannel reconstructions in the DPF range from 35 to 165 m, and possibly up to >200 m in width, and between 5 and 25 m in maximum water depth (Wood, 1989; Eberth, 2005). Plesiosauroids are known from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Adam S. Smith.

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