Expressionismwas an artistic and literary movement that focused on individual emotions and reactions to situations rather than trying to stay true to life. Expressionism was a movement that emerged in 1905 in Germany. Expressionism Martin Shongauer. The inner reality is communicated through various devices such as masks, asides, Soliloquies, broken dialogues, stage-effects such as lighting, costumes, etc. The works of Die Brücke artists stimulated Expressionism in other parts of Europe. When you think about World War I, the first thing that comes to mind may not be the artistic and literary movements, but they were certainly there! The style was generally declamatory or even apocalyptic, endeavoring to awaken the fears and aspirations that belong to all men, and which European civilization had rendered effete or inauthentic. Omissions? In a general sense, painters such as Matthias … The most famous of these films is Robert Wiene’s The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), in which a madman relates his understanding of how he came to be in the asylum. In expressionist plays … The expressionist tradition is most noticeable in modern German … It remained popular during theWeimar Republic, particularly in Berlin. Expressionism in literature represented a protest against the existing social order. Also, expressionism stressed on the loss of authenticity and spirituality that was to be seen in the world. The period during and just after WWI saw the rise of several very influential movements, including expressionism. The other principal playwrights of the movement were Georg Kaiser, Ernst Toller, Paul Kornfeld, Fritz von Unruh, Walter Hasenclever, and Reinhard Goering, all of Germany. The expressionist transforms nature rather than imitates it. Emphasis was laid not on the outer world, which is merely sketched in and barely defined in place or time, but on the internal, on an individual’s mental state; hence, the imitation of life is replaced in Expressionist drama by the ecstatic evocation of states of mind. This form of expression often addressed more dramatic issues of human feelings, such as fear, loneliness, jealousy, misery, prostitution, and so on. - Expressionist styles can be … Many of their works express frustration, anxiety, disgust, discontent, violence, and generally a sort of frenetic intensity of feeling in response to the ugliness, the crude banality, and the possibilities and contradictions that they discerned in modern life. Expressionism is a revolt and protest against: society. Expressionism in Germany: An Artistic and Cultural Revival. (sometimes capital) an artistic and literary movement originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century, which sought to express emotions rather than to represent external reality: … It was the dominant literary movement in Germany during and immediately after the war. They were also aware of Neo-Impressionism, Fauvism, and other recent movements. Especially in film (scripts by Carl Mayer) and theatre (under direction of Leopold Jessner) it lingered on. The leading character in an Expressionist play often pours out his or her woes in long monologues couched in a concentrated, elliptical, almost telegrammatic language that explores youth’s spiritual malaise, its revolt against the older generation, and the various political or revolutionary remedies that present themselves. In Style and Society in German Literary Expressionism, pp. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. expressionism definition: 1. a style of art, music, or writing, found especially in the 1900s, that expresses extreme…. Still from Robert Wiene's classic Expressionist film, “Forest Path by a Pool”, from Act III Scene 2 in Alban Berg's opera, Modern dance, the other major genre of Western theatre dance, developed in the early 20th century as a series of reactions against what detractors saw as the limited, artificial style of movement of ballet and its frivolous subject matter. Some poets were pessimistic and contented themselves with satirizing bourgeois values, while others were more concerned with political and social reform and expressed the hope for a coming revolution. Expressionism in literature arose as a reaction against materialism, complacent bourgeois prosperity, rapid mechanization and urbanization, and the domination of the family within pre-World War I European society. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1964. There are also a couple of posts on Expressionism … The characters and scenes are presented in a stylized, distorted manner … What is Expressionism? The film’s morbid evocation of horror, menace, and anxiety and the dramatic, shadowy lighting and bizarre sets became a stylistic model for Expressionist films by several major German directors. Expressionist artists have sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality. The Temptation of Saint Anthony (c. 1480). The term was originally applied more widely to various avant-garde movements: for example it was adopted as an alternative to the use of ‘Post-Impressionism’ by Roger Fry in exhibitions in London in 1910 and 1912. Their concern was with general truths rather than with particular situations; hence, they explored in their plays the predicaments of representative symbolic types rather than of fully developed individualized characters. The term is sometimes suggestive of angst. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. • Expressionism, in the visual, literary, and performing arts, a movement or tendency that strives to express subjective feelings and emotions rather than to depict reality or nature objectively. Sections in this article: The fact that expressionism was a subjective art form allowed the authors of the works to portray their respective visions of life. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The roots of the German Expressionist school lay in the works of Vincent van Gogh, Edvard Munch, and James Ensor, each of whom in the period 1885–1900 evolved a highly personal painting style. In literature and painting we call it "New Realism" (Neue Sachlichkeit).But expressionism didn't die in one day. It arose partly in reaction against the materialism and rapid mechanization and urbanization of European society before World War I. The painter Max Beckmann, the graphic artist Käthe Kollwitz, and the sculptors Ernst Barlach and Wilhelm Lehmbruck, all of Germany, also worked in Expressionist modes. These painters were in revolt against what they saw as the superficial naturalism of academic Impressionism. Expressionism in literature arose as a reaction against materialism, complacent bourgeois prosperity, rapid mechanization and urbanization, and the domination of the family within pre- World War I European society. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist attempts to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. Expressionism was a phase of twentieth-century writing that rejected naturalism and romanticism to express important inner truths. - Colour is used arbitrarily. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Outside Germany, playwrights who used Expressionist dramatic techniques included the American authors Eugene O’Neill and Elmer Rice. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As can be seen from such labels as Abstract Expressionism and Neo-Expressionism, the spontaneous, instinctive, and highly emotional qualities of Expressionism have been shared by several subsequent art movements in the 20th century. Expressionism can also be seen as a permanent tendency in Germanic and Nordic art from at least the European Middle Ages, particularly in times of social change or spiritual crisis, and in this sense it forms the converse of the rationalist and classicizing tendencies of Italy and later of France. Expressionism was a dominant style in Germany in the years immediately following World War I, where it suited the postwar atmosphere of cynicism, alienation, and disillusionment. The decline of Expressionism was hastened by the vagueness of its longing for a better world, by its use of highly poetic language, and in general the intensely personal and inaccessible nature of its mode of presentation. Some of the movement’s later practitioners, such as George Grosz and Otto Dix, developed a more pointed, socially critical blend of Expressionism and realism known as the Neue Sachlichkeit (“New Objectivity”). In the novel, the term is closely allied to the writing of Franz Kafka and James Joyce (see stream of consciousness). They wanted to reinfuse German art with a spiritual vigour they felt it lacked, and they sought to do this through an elemental, highly personal and spontaneous expression. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Strongly influenced by Expressionist stagecraft, the earliest Expressionist films set out to convey through decor the subjective mental state of the protagonist. It was also used contemporaneously in Scandinavia and Germany, being gradually confined to the specific … Expressionism, artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person. While some classify the composer Arnold Schoenberg as an Expressionist because of his contribution to the Blaue Reiter almanac, musical Expressionism seems to have found its most natural outlet in opera. - Focuses on the emotional and spiritual. He accomplishes his aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, … August Strindberg and Frank Wedekind were notable forerunners of Expressionist drama, but the first full-fledged Expressionist play was Reinhard Johannes Sorge’s Der Bettler (“The Beggar”), which was written in 1912 but not performed until 1917. It had a profound effect on the visual arts, as well as on music, dance, drama, literature, poetry, and cinema. Engraving on copper (print). The stirrings of literary expressionism were felt in Belgium, the Scandinavian countries, Hungary, Croatia, Rumania, and— somewhat later—Poland. The second and principal wave of Expressionism began about 1905, when a group of German artists led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner formed a loose association called Die Brücke (“The Bridge”). In a broader sense Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements. In drama it is a technique that lays emphasis on inner reality or stream of consciousness. Expressionism was especially important in German drama. - The roots of Expressionism are found in Northern European art...specifically in German art. expressionism, term used to describe works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision. The Expressionist movement included other types of culture, including dance, sculpture, cinema and theatre. Expressionism is a movement that began in the visual arts (painting), finding its way into literature, cinema, theatre and other arts soon after. The partial reestablishment of stability in Germany after 1924 and the growth of more overtly political styles of social realism hastened the movement’s decline in the late 1920s. Expressionism, artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person. The Dutch Tachtigers explicitly tried to incorporate impressionism into their prose, poems, and other literary works. This correlation between the terms and the consequences, especially in ... "Expressionism is the literature of war and revolution, of the intellectual struggling against the powerful, the revolt of the conscience against blind obedience, the cry of the heart against the thunder of massacres and the silence of the … From 1905 to 1920, the classical phase of expressionism existed. In literature, expressionism is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism, seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than record external events in logical sequence. They broke away from the literal representation of nature in order to express more subjective outlooks or states of mind. Corrections? The Expressionists were influenced by their predecessors of the 1890s and were also interested in African wood carvings and the works of such Northern European medieval and Renaissance artists as Albrecht Dürer, Matthias Grünewald, and Albrecht Altdorfer. Expressionism, as a literary and artistic movement, flourished in Europe, particularly in Germany, between 1914 and 1924. In a broader sense Expressionism is one of the main currents of art in the later 19th and the 20th centuries, and its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements. It was the dominant literary movement in Germany during and immediately after World War I. No one person started the movement, although Germany in the early 1900s is largely credited as one major location for its origins. The mark that expressionism left in art was a new quality of sharpened imagery. Expressionism is an artistic style in which the artist attempts to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in him. Perhaps the greatest pioneer in…. This condensed, stripped-down poetry, utilizing strings of nouns and a few adjectives and infinitive verbs, eliminated narrative and description to get at the essence of feeling. In a way, this movement can be considered as a reaction to Impressionism. Exposure to the pessimistic … More specifically, Expressionism as a distinct style or movement refers to a number of German artists, as well as Austrian, French, and Russian ones, who became active in the years before World War I and remained so throughout much of the interwar period. Among early examples of such Expressionist works are Paul Hindemith’s operatic settings of Kokoschka’s proto-Expressionist drama, Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen (1919), and August Stramm’s Sancta Susanna (1922). - Art, literature, music, and drama movement that began in the early 20th century. In a general sense, painters such El Greco could be called expressionist; in practice, the term is applied only to 20th century works. At their most popular between 1910 and 1925, just before and just after World War I, expressionist writers distorted objective features of the sensory world using Symbolism and dream-like elements in their works illustrating alienating and often emotionally overwhelmed se… These artists used the expressive possibilities of colour and line to explore dramatic and emotion-laden themes, to convey the qualities of fear, horror, and the grotesque, or simply to celebrate nature with hallucinatory intensity. The misshapen streets and buildings of the set are projections of his own universe, and the other characters have been abstracted through makeup and dress into visual symbols. Rather than a single style, it was a climate that affected not only the fine arts but also dance, cinema, literature and the theatre. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The artist accomplishes this aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism , and fantasy and through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The German Expressionists soon developed a style notable for its harshness, boldness, and visual intensity. Expressionist poetry, which arose at the same time as its dramatic counterpart, was similarly nonreferential and sought an ecstatic, hymnlike lyricism that would have considerable associative power. • The objectives of expressionism in literature, notably in the novel and the drama, are similar to those in art. The group included Erich Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, and Fritz Bleyl.

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