James H. Clark Center, Stanford University 318 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305 Phone: 650.724.3333 Follow @StanfordBioX . View details for Web of Science ID A1995RU10800002, Chair, Department of Psychology (2018 - Present), Director, Stanford Memory Laboratory (2003 - Present), Professor, Department of Psychology (2003 - Present), PhD, Stanford University, Psychology (Cog Neuroscience) (1997). Chen, J., Dastjerdi, M., Foster, B. L., LaRocque, K. F., Rauschecker, A. M., Parvizi, J., Wagner, A. D. NEUROSCIENCE AND THE LAW - SCIENCE AND SOCIETY Neuroscientists in court. Interactions between Memory and New Learning: Insights from fMRI Multivoxel Pattern Analysis. Supporting these hypotheses, the temporal dynamics of theta and alpha power in human electroencephalography data (n=43, 26 females) revealed that an associative CCD effect emerges earlier than interaction effects involving actual CCD. These findings indicate that, although forgetting can be frustrating, memory might be adaptive because forgetting confers neural processing benefits. In both experiments, M.S. Specifically, we tested the theory that MTL cortex supports memory by encoding overlapping representations, whereas hippocampus supports memory by encoding pattern-separated representations. Stanford University Department of Psychology chair and professor Anthony D. Wagner, Ph.D., talks about his Cerebrum article, “Multicosts of Multitasking,” how the brain processes multitasking, and the importance of past and future research in this critical area. A., Shah, A. T., DuBrow, S., Wagner, A. D. Imaging the Human Medial Temporal Lobe with High-Resolution fMRI, Integrating Memories in the Human Brain: Hippocampal-Midbrain Encoding of Overlapping Events, Decreased demands on cognitive control reveal the neural processing benefits of forgetting. In vivo measurement of the spatial distribution of neurofibrillary tangle pathology is critical for early diagnosis and disease monitoring of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Forty-nine participants were scanned with 18F-PI-2620 PET to examine the distribution of this novel PET ligand throughout the course of AD: 36 older healthy controls (HC) (age range 61 to 86), 11 beta-amyloid+ (Aβ+) participants with cognitive impairment (CI; clinical diagnosis of either mild cognitive impairment or AD dementia, age range 57 to 86), and 2 participants with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA, age 66 and 78). This assessment revealed that predominantly divergent subregions of lateral PPC are engaged during acts of episodic retrieval and during goal-directed and reflexive attention, suggesting that PPC retrieval effects reflect functionally distinct mechanisms from these forms of attention. Indeed, the more weakly that target memories were reactivated, the more likely that competing memories were later remembered. The results were apparent in both individual and averaged functional maps. Degrees / Education. Past experience provides one source of knowledge about likely task demands in the present, with learning enabling future predictions about anticipated demands. These results indicate that at least two patterns of MTL delay period activation-sustained and anticipatory-are present during performance of short-delay recognition memory tasks, providing novel evidence that multiple processes govern task performance. From this dual-attention perspective, dorsal PPC is thought to support the goal-directed allocation of attention, whereas ventral PPC is thought to support reflexive orienting to information that automatically captures attention. For both words and pictures, LIPC activation decreased with repetition, suggesting that this area subserves semantic analysis of stimuli regardless of perceptual form. Currently, research groups label different subsets of structures and use different rules, landmarks, and cues to define their anatomical extents. Brown, T. I., Uncapher, M. R., Chow, T. E., Eberhardt, J. L., Wagner, A. D. Adaptive Engagement of Cognitive Control in Context-Dependent Decision Making. We close with three general policy recommendations. Within the hippocampus, recent functional neuroimaging findings suggest that formation of new memories depends on the dentate gyrus and the CA(3) field, whereas the contribution of the subiculum may be limited to retrieval. Consistent with this view, the relationship between encoding pattern similarity and subsequent memory dissociated MTL cortex and hippocampus: later memory was predicted by greater across-item pattern similarity in perirhinal cortex and in parahippocampal cortex, but greater pattern distinctiveness in hippocampus. Collectively, these data isolate task- from domain-sensitive PFC control processes strategically recruited in the service of episodic memory. She was recruited to work as a Postdoctoral Fellow at Princeton University and is now an Assistant Professor at Johns Hopkins in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences. Associations can be based on relationships between object features (e.g., the three leaflets of poison ivy leaves) and outcomes (e.g., rash). By contrast, HGP in left SPL increased for CRs early after stimulus onset (200-300 ms) and late in the memory decision (from 700 ms to response). While reports of APOE ɛ4-related differences in these brain structures are not consistent in either cross-sectional or longitudinal structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, there is increasing evidence that brain activity at baseline (defined as activity during fixation or rest) may differ in APOE ɛ4 carriers compared to non-carriers. Right dorsolateral PFC exhibited a profile consistent with a role in response selection rather than retrieval or integration. These findings suggest that left pVLPFC mechanisms onset between 300 and 400 ms during phonological processing of words, with these mechanisms appearing necessary for effective episodic encoding. Levy, B. J., Kuhl, B. Such behavior is associated with various cognitive differences, such as difficulty filtering distracting information and increased trait impulsivity. However, uncertainty remains regarding the precise nature of prefrontal contributions to recollection and the selectivity of recapitulation to veridical recollection. For 3 weeks, participants (n = 16) wore digital cameras that captured photographs of their daily activities. What do differences between multi-voxel and univariate analysis mean? Prior experience with a stimulus leads to multiple forms of learning that facilitate subsequent behavior (repetition priming) and neural processing (repetition suppression). Behaviorally, responses were faster to repeated words in which the same task was performed at initial and repeated exposure (i.e., size-->size) relative to repeated words in which the tasks differed (i.e., composition-->size and shape-->size). The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to explore the relation between working memory maintenance operations and long-term memory. Badre, D., Poldrack, R. A., Pare-Blagoev, E. J., Insler, R. Z., Wagner, A. D. Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval. Implications for neural and cognitive models of recognition are considered. During a TOT, cognitive control mechanisms may be recruited in attempts to resolve the conflict and retrieval failure that characterize this state. Collectively, these experiments suggest that right prefrontal regions mediate processes associated with retrieval attempt, with the probability of engaging these regions depending upon the retrieval context. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.10.033, View details for Web of Science ID 000220723900026, View details for Web of Science ID 000279844100055. Learning. Importantly, the recent development of event-related fMRI methods now allows for examination of trial-by-trial differences in neural activity during encoding and of the consequences of these differences for later remembering. Individuals with schizophrenia were tested on or off antipsychotic medication, using a between-subject design in order to eliminate concerns about learning-set effects.Individuals with schizophrenia were selectively impaired in their ability to generalize knowledge, despite having intact learning and memory accuracy. In 4 experiments, the authors attempted to replicate an improvement in recall of target memories produced by a post-learning clue enabling participants to reorganize and segregate interfering material, as shown by G. H. Bower and T. Mann (1992). Results from a preliminary analysis of the current database are presented, which demonstrate the ability to classify between task contrasts with high generalization accuracy across subjects, and the ability to identify individual subjects from their activation maps with moderately high accuracy. These findings reconcile imaging results with the selective effects of prefrontal lesions on retrieval-intensive episodic memory tests. View details for DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.006, View details for DOI 10.1093/cercor/bhy162, View details for Web of Science ID 000477708300014. Prediction strength was manipulated by varying whether the sequence was initially presented once (Weak) or thrice (Strong) prior to the critical Repeat or Violation sequence. We specifically focus on memory generalization--the ability to flexibly generalize memories in novel situations.Individuals with schizophrenia (n = 56) and healthy control subjects (n = 20) were tested on a computerized memory generalization paradigm. Previous functional imaging studies have shown that facilitated processing of a visual object on repeated, relative to initial, presentation (i.e., repetition priming) is associated with reductions in neural activity in multiple regions, including fusiform/lateral occipital cortex. B., Desmond, J. E., Wagner, A. D., Vaidya, C. J., Glover, G. H., Gabrieli, J. D. School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering (ICME), Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Office of VP for University Human Resources, Office of Vice President for Business Affairs and Chief Financial Officer, Cognitive and Neuroscience Friday Seminar, Professional Seminar for First-Year Ph.D. Graduate Students, Cortical Plasticity: Perception and Memory, DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.06.015, DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.019, DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.002, DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.022, DOI 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.025. Wagner, A. D., Maril, A., Bjork, R. A., Schacter, D. L. Cognitive neuroscience: Forgetting of things past, When keeping in mind supports later bringing to mind: Neural markers of phonological rehearsal predict subsequent remembering, On the tip of the tongue: An event-related fMRI study of semantic retrieval failure and cognitive conflict. The main finding was a dissociation between two MTL regions: whereas the hippocampus was similarly activated for True and False items, suggesting the recovery of semantic information, the parahippocampal gyrus was more activated for True than for False items, suggesting the recovery of perceptual information. Despite anatomical evidence for content-specific MTL pathways, empirical data for content-based MTL subregional dissociations are mixed. A leading neurobiological model of attention posits two separate yet interacting systems that depend on distinct regions in lateral posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Anthony Wagner. Janice Chen was a Ph.D. Student in Dr. Anthony Wagner’s Lab at Stanford University where she collaborated directly with the LBCN. In Study 2, presentation of expected value information improved decision making in both younger and older adults, but the addition of a distracting secondary task had little impact on decision quality. If hippocampal pattern separation is diminished due to partial dentate gyrus failure (resulting in 'spurious associations') and also if pattern completion is accelerated and increasingly inaccurate due to increased CA3 associational activity, then it is conceivable that associations could be false and, especially if driven by anxiety or stress, could generate psychotic content, with the mistaken associations being laid down in memory, despite their psychotic content, especially delusions and thought disorder. The influence of these hyperactive hippocampal projections on targets in the limbic neocortex could contribute to components of schizophrenia manifestations in other cerebral regions. Multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) has led to major changes in how fMRI data are analyzed and interpreted. Individuals tested on medication generalized almost as well as healthy control subjects. The subjects were seven patients with histories of temporal lobe epilepsy who had undergone Wada testing for pre-surgical evaluation. Furthermore, during rote rehearsal, the extent of neural activation in regions associated with semantic retrieval was assessed to determine the role that incidental semantic elaboration may play in subsequent memory for rote-rehearsed items. These results advance the understanding of how independent but converging influences of both MTL subfield structure and function contribute to age-related memory impairment, complementing findings in the rodent and human postmortem literatures. Delineating the functional organization of the prefrontal cortex is central to advancing models of goal-directed cognition. Insights from prefrontal cortex, Functional-neuroanatomic correlates of recollection: Implications for models of recognition memory, Item- and task-level processes in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: positive and negative correlates of encoding. With the explosion of digital media and technologies, scholars, educators and the public have become increasingly vocal about the role that an 'attention economy' has in our lives1. Collectively, our findings indicate differential contributions of MTL subregions to event representation via a distributed code along the anterior-posterior axis of MTL that depends on the nature of event content. Page 1 of 14 Anthony Wagner Lucie Stern Professor in the Social Sciences Psychology Bio ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS • Professor, Psychology • Member, Bio-X • Member, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute ADMINISTRATIVE APPOINTMENTS • Chair, Department of Psychology, (2018- present) • Director, Stanford Memory Laboratory, (2003- present) • Professor, … Behaviorally, successful retrieval of strongly associated relative to weakly associated pairs was more likely to be accompanied by conscious recollection of the pair's prior co-occurrence. These findings demonstrate that attentive retrieval is critical for learning through remembering. Learning and memory provide critical knowledge that guides everyday activities, from remembering to take medications or recognizing previously encountered people, places, and things, to representing our goals and navigating our worlds. At Stanford since 2003, his research explores how the brain supports learning, memory, and executive function. Hippocampal subfield CA1 is thought to detect mismatches between past and present, and detected novelty is thought to modulate encoding processes, providing a mechanism for gating the entry of information into memory. Relative to a rest control, finger tapping of the right hand produced ipsilateral-increased activation in HIV/HV [Roman numeral designations based on Larsell's () nomenclature] and HVI and weaker activation in HVIII that was stronger on the ipsilateral side. Goal-directed behavior can benefit from proactive adjustments of cognitive control that occur in anticipation of forthcoming cognitive control demands (CCD). Episodic memory supports conscious remembrance of everyday experience. A number of recent functional imaging studies have identified brain areas activated during tasks involving episodic memory retrieval. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired while subjects performed propositional analogy and semantic decision tasks. Demb, J. Lateral frontopolar cortex (FPC) may also adjudicate response conflict, though others propose that FPC supports higher order control processes such as subgoaling and integration. An increasing number of human in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have focused on examining the structure and function of the subfields of the hippocampal formation (the dentate gyrus, CA fields 1-3, and the subiculum) and subregions of the parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices). The ability to remember is often compromised by competition from irrelevant memories. During encoding, it has been further hypothesized that structures within MTL cortex contribute to encoding in a content-sensitive manner, whereas hippocampal structures may contribute to encoding in a more domain-general manner. Furthermore, we demonstrate that learned cognitive control demands can be generalized through mnemonic integration processes, enabling the spread of expectations about cognitive control demands to items associated in memory. In contrast to recent suggestions, the present data further indicate that the subiculum may contribute to successful encoding irrespective of event content. Classification analyses indicated that temporal lobe structures contained information robustly diagnostic of visual category. Within this network, multivariate analyses further showed that context prediction error enhanced the representation of task context. View details for DOI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.05958.x, View details for Web of Science ID 000290238100004, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC3079823. How subject-, voxel-, and trial-level variance impact fMRI analysis. Familiarity and Priming? Using EEG, we demonstrate that memory for past cognitive control demand proactively guides the allocation of cognitive control, preceding adjustments of control triggered by the demands of the present environment. These findings indicate that anterior and posterior LIPC demonstrate distinct patterns of priming, with priming in the anterior region being task-specific, suggesting that this facilitation derives from repeated semantic processing of a stimulus. We found that, during the encoding of new memories, responses in the human hippocampus are predictive of the retention of memories for previously experienced, overlapping events. Decreased activation was greater in extent for words than for pictures. The present study examined the contributions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) subregions to two component processes underlying verbal analogical reasoning: semantic retrieval and integration. Anthony Wagner is part of Stanford Profiles, official site for faculty, postdocs, students and staff information (Expertise, Bio, Research, Publications, and more). Improved memory for face-diagnosis pairs was associated with smaller subsequent memory effects in the anterior hippocampus, along with increased functional connectivity between the anterior hippocampus and left middle temporal gyrus, a region important for the retrieval of stored conceptual knowledge. LIPC was more active for subsequently remembered words than subsequently forgotten words, but it was also more active in a task that emphasized task-level processing relative to a task that emphasized item-level processing, although this former condition led to poorer subsequent memory performance. recollection versus novelty detection) and domain of targeted memories (e.g. Kirchhoff, B. Stress Impairs Episodic Retrieval by Disrupting Hippocampal and Cortical Mechanisms of Remembering. Das, T., Ivleva, E. I., Wagner, A. D., Stark, C. E., Tamminga, C. A. Episodic recognition can be based on recollection of contextual details, on a sense of recent encounter, or some combination of the two. Dr. Wagner's research interests include cognitive neuroscience of memory and cognitive/executive control in young and older adults; encoding and retrieval mechanisms; interactions between declarative, nondeclarative, and working memory; forms of cognitive control; neurocognitive aging; functional organization of prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and the … fMRI indexed involvement of the hippocampus and underlying cortical regions during performance of two verbal encoding conditions, one that required item-based maintenance of word triplets in working memory and the other that entailed the formation of inter-item associations across the words in each triplet. Subjects encountered three-alternative forced-choice retrieval trials, each consisting of two words from a preceding study phase and one novel word, and were instructed to either identify the novel item (Novelty trials) or the more recently presented study item (Recency trials). To advance understanding of how parietal mechanisms may impact event encoding, we review functional MRI studies that document the relationship between lateral PPC activation during encoding and subsequent memory performance (e.g., later remembering or forgetting). When devoted to the latter, the diversion of LIPC processes to the task level can have a negative consequence for item-level analysis and encoding. Collectively, our data offer insights into MTL and parietal cortex functional organization, and elucidate circuitry that supports different forms of real-world autobiographical memory. Second, in the absence of direct experience, pattern completion and mnemonic integration mechanisms may allow CCD to be generalized from its associated item to other items related in memory. Given the ubiquity of episodic memory retrieval in everyday life, it is critical to understand the theoretical and applied implications of acute stress. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence implicate the left mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (mid-VLPFC) in PI resolution during short-term item recognition, though the precise mechanisms await specification. Subsequent memory analyses have been performed with various neural measures, including brain potentials extracted from intracranial and extracranial electroencephalographic recordings, and hemodynamic responses from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain-based memory detection--if valid and reliable--would have clear utility beyond the domain of cognitive neuroscience, in the realm of law, marketing, and beyond. Relationships between CSF proteins and delayed recall were similar but non-significant. Increased functional connectivity between dorsal posterior parietal and ventral occipitotemporal cortex during uncertain memory decisions. View details for DOI 10.1073/pnas.1001028107, View details for Web of Science ID 000278054700067, View details for PubMedCentralID PMC2906873. On each trial, subjects viewed a pair of words (pair 1), followed by an instructional cue and a second word pair (pair 2). Here we investigate how real-life gains in schematic knowledge affect the neural correlates of episodic encoding, assessing medical students 3 months before and immediately after their final exams. Another previous study, however, observed fusiform lateralization modulated by object viewpoint, but not object exemplar. Finally, a memory test with a separate group of subjects showed that subsequent recognition memory was superior for items that had appeared in prediction violation trials than in prediction confirmation trials. Behavior is often governed by abstract rules or instructions for behavior that can be abstracted from one context and applied to another. Using an experimental design that exploited known properties of spacing or lag effects, the magnitudes of behavioral and neural priming during a second study episode were varied and the relation between these magnitudes of priming during re-encoding and performance on a subsequent explicit memory test was examined. On this latter test, performance was superior for items that had been tested initially under full versus divided attention.

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